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[1] Wikipedia, "Passion fruit (fruit)." Accessed 2025.

Used for: Tupi etymology ("mara kuya"), geographic origin (southern Brazil through Paraguay to northern Argentina), European introduction date (1553), variety descriptions (purple and yellow), and regional naming conventions (lilikoi, maracujá, Krishna Phal).

[2] He et al. (2020), "Passiflora edulis: An Insight Into Current Researches on Phytochemistry and Pharmacology." Frontiers in Pharmacology, 11:617.

Used for: phytochemical constituent count (110+), flavonoid and triterpenoid framing, comprehensive preclinical bioactivity summary (antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, anxiolytic, sedative activities), traditional folk-medicine uses in South America and India, and safety note that daily consumption at common doses is non-toxic.

[3] Zhang et al. (2023), "Phytochemistry, nutritional composition, health benefits and future prospects of Passiflora: A review." Food Chemistry.

Used for: worldwide production estimate (1.5 million tons, 2017), China production data (600,000 tons), safety profile (cyanogenic glycosides present only in unripe peel; ripe fruit does not contain HCN), fiber and bioactive compound summary (polyphenols, polysaccharides, pectin, carotenoids, vitamins), and food-application framing including cosmetic and pharmaceutical potential.

[4] Kawakami et al. (2022), "Constituent Characteristics and Functional Properties of Passion Fruit Seed Extract." Antioxidants (MDPI), 11(1):29.

Used for: piceatannol content and functional properties of P. edulis seed extracts, including antioxidant effects, skin condition improvement, fat-burning promotion, and the 2017 randomized placebo-controlled trial showing improved insulin sensitivity in overweight men taking 20mg piceatannol daily for 8 weeks.

[5] Petry et al. (2001), "Comparative pharmacological study of hydroethanol extracts of Passiflora alata and Passiflora edulis leaves." Phytotherapy Research, 15(2):162-164.

Used for: anxiolytic activity data from elevated plus-maze test showing effects at 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg dosages, and broader context of Passiflora folk-medicine sedative use in Brazil ("maracujá" as traditional tranquillizer).

[6] Restiana et al. (2020), "Antibacterial Activity of Passion Fruit Purple Variant (Passiflora edulis Sims var. edulis) Seeds Extract Against Propionibacterium acnes." Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 13:99-104.

Used for: in-vitro antibacterial activity of P. edulis seed extract against P. acnes using agar disc diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration data, comparison with clindamycin and erythromycin, and context on piceatannol as the likely bioactive compound responsible for activity.